INGGRIS

by Karen Christy Pongtengko 00.22 0 komentar

                               Expression Asking and Giving Opinion 

Asking Opinions (menanyakan pendapat) :

• What do you think of …?(
      Apa yang Anda pikirkan ...?)
• What are your views?(Apa pandangan Anda?)
• What is your opinion?(   Apa pendapat Anda?)
• Is it right what I’ve done?(
      Apakah benar apa yang telah kulakukan?)
• What about …?( Bagaimana ...?)
• How about …?(   Bagaimana ...?)
• What are your ideas?( Apa ide-ide Anda?)    
• Do you have any thoughts on that?(    Apakah Anda memiliki pemikiran tentang itu?)
• How do you feel about that?(   Bagaimana perasaan Anda tentang itu?)

Giving Opinions (memberi pendapat) :

• I’m convinced that ….(Saya yakin bahwa ...)
• I reckon ….(   Kurasa ...)
• I consider that ….(Saya menganggap bahwa ....)
• According to the expert, I ….( Menurut ahli, saya ....)
• In my opinion, .…( Menurut pendapat saya, ....)
• I think ….( Saya pikir ....)
• I think we should get a new car. (Saya pikir kita harus membeli mobil baru)
• I don’t think we need one. (Saya pikir kita tidak butuh)
• I believe (that) smoking should be outlawed. (Saya setuju – bahwa – merokok harus dilarang)
• I don’t believe (that) it should be illegal. (Saya tidak setuju – bahwa – itu ilegal)
• In my opinion, Gone with the Breeze is the best movie ever made.(Menurut saya, Gone With The Breeze adalah film terbaik yang pernah dibuat).
• I feel that it’s the right thing to do. (Saya pikir itu hal yang tepat untuk dilakukan)
• I don’t feel that it’s such a good idea. (Saya tidak menganggap itu ide yang baik)

• Contoh dialog Expressions of giving and asking for opinion :

Hikmah : Hey Indana ! Do you know the hot news in our school ?
Indana : Yes, I know. About the minimum score, isn’t it ?
Hikmah : Yes, exactly. What do you think ?
Indana : I think it so high. I believe that is bad idea.
Hikmah : I don’t think so. Precisely with the 70 score, we can go into the University easily. With PMDK program.
Indana : Yes, I know it. But, for everyday it so hard.
Hikmah : Maybe, it can be the pole for us to be better than yesterday. I hope we can do it. Although it so hard.
Indana : Ok. Amin.

Hikmah: Hey Indana! Apakah Anda tahu berita panas di sekolah kita? 
Indana: Ya, saya tahu. Tentang nilai minimum, bukan? 
Hikmah: Ya, tepat. Bagaimana menurut Anda?
Indana: Saya pikir itu begitu tinggi. Saya percaya bahwa adalah ide yang buruk. 
Hikmah: Saya tidak berpikir begitu. Justru dengan skor 70, kita bisa masuk ke Universitas mudah. Dengan program PMDK. 
Indana: Ya, saya tahu itu. Tapi, untuk sehari-hari begitu sulit.
Hikmah: Mungkin, itu bisa menjadi tiang bagi kita untuk menjadi lebih baik dari hari kemarin. Saya berharap kami bisa melakukannya. Meskipun begitu keras. 
Indana: Ok. Amin.

Giving Advice, Giving Warning and Giving Permission

Memberikan Saran, Memberi Peringatan dan Pemberian Izin

• Giving Advice( Memberikan Nasihat)

We can use this way to give our advices or opinions to someone to solve problems that happened or will be happened. Example of the structure:Kita dapat menggunakan cara ini untuk memberikan saran atau pendapat kita kepada seseorang untuk memecahkan masalah yang terjadi atau akan terjadi. Contoh struktur:

1.         In my opinion,… (1. Menurut pendapat saya, ...)

2.      Maybe you should…(Mungkin Anda harus ...)

3.      How about…d. I think…( Bagaimana ... d. Saya pikir ...)

• Giving Warning(  Memberikan Peringatan)

We can use this way to warn someone or more about somethingthat will happened. Some of the ways are just like givingcommands to the others. Examples of the structure:Kita dapat menggunakan cara ini untuk memperingatkan seseorang atau lebih tentang somethingthat akan terjadi. Beberapa cara yang sama seperti givingcommands yang lain. Contoh struktur:

a.Be careful, or you’ll… (.Be-hati, atau Anda akan ...)

b.Watch out, you might be…..(b.Watch keluar, Anda mungkin ...)

c. Do not …(Jangan ..)

• Giving Permission(    Pemberian Izin)

We can use this way to give permissions to the others if they asked you to get your permission to do something.Kita dapat menggunakan cara ini untuk memberikan izin kepada orang lain jika mereka meminta Anda untuk mendapatkan izin Anda untuk melakukan sesuatu.

Examples of the structure:Contoh struktur:

a.Okay, you may… Okay, Anda mungkin

b.Alright, you can do it..Alright, Anda bisa melakukannya.

c.I give you permission to…I memberikan izin untuk

                 PASSIVE VOICE

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive 

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Simple Present	Active:	Rita	writes	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is written	by Rita.
Simple Past	Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was written	by Rita.
Present Perfect	Active:	Rita	has written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	has been written	by Rita.
Future I	Active:	Rita	will write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will be written	by Rita.
Hilfsverben	Active:	Rita	can write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	can be written	by Rita.

Examples of Passive 

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Present Progressive	Active:	Rita	is writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is being written	by Rita.
Past Progressive	Active:	Rita	was writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was being written	by Rita.
Past Perfect	Active:	Rita	had written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	had been written	by Rita.
Future II	Active:	Rita	will have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will have been written	by Rita.
Conditional I	Active:	Rita	would write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would be written	by Rita.
Conditional II	Active:	Rita	would have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would have been written	by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects 

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter	to me.
Passive:	A letter	was written	to me	by Rita.
Passive:	I	was written	a letter	by Rita.

.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English,Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

       Present Perfect and Past Perfect

Both present perfect and past perfect talk about something that happened before a point in time (reference point).

In the present perfect, our reference point is the present.

In the past perfect, our reference point is in the past.

Present perfect

• An action that started in the past and continues to the present.
  I have lived in this city for six months.
• An action that happened before now (unspecified time)
  I have been to Japan twice.

How to form the present perfect:

HAVE / HAS + past participle

Examples of the present perfect:

• My mother has just gone to the store.
• Janet has lived abroad for five years.
• I haven’t seen the new movie yet.
• Have you finished your homework?

It’s very common to use the contractions ‘ve and ‘s in the present perfect:

• I’ve been to Japan three times.
• My mother’s just gone to the store.
• Janet’s lived abroad for five years.

Past perfect

• An action that happened before a time in the past
  When I arrived at the office this morning, I discovered that I had left my computer on the night before.

How to form the past perfect:

HAD + past participle

Examples of the past perfect:

1. I went to Japan in 1988 and 1991.
2. I turned 10 years old in 1994.

I had been to Japan twice by the time I was 10 years old.

1. My husband ate breakfast at 6:00 AM
2. I woke up at 7:00 AM

When I woke up this morning, my husband had already eaten breakfast.

It’s common to use the contraction ‘d in the past perfect:

• I’d traveled to five different countries by the time I was 20 years old.